ISSN 2223-6775 Ukrainian journal of occupational health Vol.16, No 4, 2020
Hygienic evaluation of pesticide application in using injection sprayers (literature review)
Borysenko A.A.1, Antonenko A.M.1, Shpak B.I.2 , Omelchuk S.T.3, Bardov V.G.1
https://doi.org/10.33573/ujoh2020.04.302
1 Hygiene and ecology department No 1 of Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv
2 «Syngenta» LCC, Kyiv
3 Hygiene and ecology Institute of Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv
Full article (PDF), UKR
Introduction. The availability of pesticides and other foreign chemicals in food, drinking water and air poses an immediate threat to human health. Implementing an effective policy on reducing adverse effects of pesticides, while maintaining high crop yields, is a major challenge today.
The aim of the study was to analyze data on the possibility of reducing the risk of pesticide application by using injection sprayers.
Results. The most significant factors influencing the magnitude of occupational and non-occupational risks, working conditions and pollution levels when applying pesticides are dispersion and homogeneity, drug drift, evaporation. It is established that the most attractive from the economic point of view is the spray dispersion of 100-300 μm of slit sprayers. In the use of fine droplet sprayers special attention should be paid to individual respiratory protection as there is a risk of deep penetration of pesticide’s fine particles into the lungs, up to the alveoli. A new design of injectors with low drift provides for passing the liquid through a small hole in the chamber, reducing the spray pressure. Under favorable weather conditions, the problem of pesticide drift can be minimized if chemicals are used with proper selection and operation of the equipment. It is noted that it is necessary to avoid the formation of drops with a diameter of less than 80-100 μm. Injector sprayers with a stable-controlled spray spectrum make it possible to obtain at least 90% of drops most appropriate to the type of a pesticide, the cultivated crop and the phase of its development, to technical and natural conditions of application. In the case of low humidity and high temperatures in pesticide application, there should be chosen sprayers forming larger droplets in order to reduce evaporation and drift.
Conclusion. Since it is not possible to fully avoid the risk of pesticide application in agriculture, it is extremely important to identify hazardous and high-risk formulations, technologies, equipment, which will minimize the risk by making management decisions using recommendations to ban pesticides, certain technologies, aimed at development of application regulations, use of the most effective means of protection.
Key words: pesticides, working conditions, occupational risk, type of spraying, bystander’s risk, dispersion, biological efficiency.
References
- Agricultural Spray Nozzles and Accessories. (2012), Catalogue Lechler,
- Aleinikova N.V., Didenko L.V. (2015), “Analysis of the modern equipment applying for spraying of vineyards under conditions of the Crimea”, of the State Nikit. Botan. Gard, 116, 53 – 57.
- Balsari, P., Gil, E., Marucco, P., van de Zande, J. C., Nuyttens, D., Herbst, A., & Gallart, M. (2017), “Field-crop-sprayer potential drift measured using test bench: Effects of boom height and nozzle type”, Biosystems Engineering, 154, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.10.015
- Bao, L.-J.;Wei, Y.-L.; Yao, Y.; Ruan, Q.-Q.; Zeng, E.Y. (2015), “Global trends of research on emerging contaminants in the environment and humans: A literature assimilation”, Sci. Poll. Res, 22, 1635–1643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3404-8
- Damalas, C., & Koutroubas, S. Farmers’ Exposure to Pesticides: Toxicity Types and Ways of Prevention, Toxics, 4(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics4010001
- Directive 2009/127/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 Amending Directive 2006/42/EC with Regard to Machinery for Pesticide Application. Available at: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2009/127/oj (Accessed November 7, 2018).
- European Union (EU). EU Pesticides database. (2017), URL: http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesti-cides/eu-pesticidesdatabase/public, (Accessed 09.2020).
- Fargnoli M, Lombardi M, Puri D, Casorri L, Masciarelli E, Mandić-Rajčević S, Colosio C. (2019), “A Risk Assessment Procedure for the Enhancement of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Management”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030310
- Gavrilescu, M.; Demnerová, K.; Aamand, J.; Agathos, S.; Fava, F. (2015), “Emerging pollutants in the environment: Present and future challenges in biomonitoring, ecological risks and bioremediation”, New Biotechnol, 32, 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2014.01.001
- Lamichhane, J.R. (2017), “Pesticide use and risk reduction in European farming systems with IPM: An introduction to the special issue”, Crop Prot, 97, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.01.017
- Lammoglia, S.-K., Kennedy, M. C., Barriuso, E., Alletto, L., Justes, E., Munier-Jolain, N., & Mamy, L. (2017). “Assessing human health risks from pesticide use in conventional and innovative cropping systems with the BROWSE model”, Environment International, 105, 66–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.04.012
- Li Y, Li Y, Pan X, Li QX, Chen R, Li X, Pan C, Song J. (2018), “Comparison of a new air-assisted sprayer and two conventional sprayers in terms of deposition, loss to the soil and residue of azoxystrobin and tebuconazole applied to sunlit greenhouse tomato and field cucumber”, Pest Manag Sci, 74 (2), 448-455. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4728
- Llop J., Gil E., Gallart M., Contador F., Ecilla M. (2015), “Spray distribution evaluation of different settings of a hand held trolley sprayer used in greenhouse tomato crops”, Pest Management Science, 72, 505-516. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4014
- Machado, S.C.; Martins, I. (2018), “Risk assessment of occupational pesticide exposure: Use of endpoints and surrogates”, Toxicol. Pharmacol, 276–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.08.008
- Management of Pesticide Spray Drift. The official website of the Government of Canada URL: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/consumer-product-safety/pesticides-pest-management/growers-commercial-users/drift-mitigation/management-pesticide-spray-drift.html (Accessed 20.11.2020).
- Michael F. Wilson. (2003), Optimising pesticide use. Application technologies. UK, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470871792
- Möhring, N., Gaba, S., & Finger, R. (2018), “Quantity based indicators fail to identify extreme pesticide risks”, Science of the Total Environment, 646, 503–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.287
- Nasr G.G., Yule A.J., Bendig L. (2002), “Agricultural Sprays. Industrial Sprays and Atomization Design”, Analysis and Applications, UK, 185-208. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3816-7_5
- Reducing Spray Drift (AE1210, Reviewed June. (2017). URL: https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/crops/reducing-spray-drift (Accessed09.2020).
- TeeJet Technologies. (2007), A Spraying Systems Company, Wheaton.
- Bubly`k L.I., Vasechko G.I., Vasy`l`yev V.P. (1999), Dovidnyk iz zakhystu roslyn [Handbook of plant protection], (ed. Lisovyi M.P.), Urozhai, Kyiv, Ukraine.
- Kireev I.M., Koval' Z.M. (2018), “Pneumohydraulic fluid sprayer to improve the technology of spraying plants while protecting them from weeds”, Dostizhenija nauki i tehniki APK, 2, 73-76.
- Kobecz` O. M.,Pugach A. M., Kuz`menko O. F. (2018), “Stand for research of spraying devices of machines for fertilizing”, Visny`k Xarkivs`kogo natsional`nogo tekhnichnogo universy`tetu sil`s`kogo gospodarstva imeni P.Vasy`lenka, 190, 52-57.
- Markevich A.Ye., Nemirovets Yu.N. (2004), Osnovy effektivnogo primeneniya pestitsidov: cpravochnik v voprosakh i otvetakh po mekhanizatsii i kontrolyu kachestva primeneniya pestitsidov v sel'skom khozyaystve [Fundamentals of effective use of pesticides: a handbook of questions and answers on mechanization and quality control of pesticides in agriculture], Gorki, Mogilevskiy gosudarstvennyy uchebnyy tsentr podgotovki, povysheniya kvalifikatsii, perepodgotovki kadrov, konsultirovaniya i agrarnoy reformy», Mogilevsk, Belarus.
- Revjakin E.L., Krahoveckij N.N. (2010), Neproizvoditel'nyye poteri pestitsidov pri opryskivanii. Kak ikh izbezhat': nauch. analit. Obzor [Unproductive losses of pesticides during spraying. How to avoid them. Overview], Rosinfor-magroteh, Moscow, Russia.
- Recommendations for spraying technology for field crops. URL:https://www.syngenta.kz/rekomendacii-po-tehnologii-opryskivaniya-polevyh-kultur (Accessed 10.09.2020).
- Sidorenko V. (2020), “Current technological solutions on effective use of pesticides”, Agronom, URL: https://www.agronom.com.ua/aktualni-tehnologichni-rishennya-dlya-efektyvnogo-zastosuvannya-pestytsydiv/ (Accessed09.2020).
- Technical efficiency of spraying. Proposal (2014), Main journal on agribusiness, URL: https://propozitsiya.com/ua/tehnichna-efektivnist-obpriskuvannya (Accessed 10.2020).